Earth has a brand-new continent called Zealandia, and it's been hiding in plain sight for ages
Dave Mosher
Feb. 15, 2017, 2:26 PM 325,735
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Geologists have determined there's a new continent called "Zealandia."
Recent satellite data and rock samples led to the conclusion.
New Zealand and New Caledonia are part of the new continent, which is about as big as greater India.
The new continent could have economic and geopolitical implications.
earth plate tectonics fault lines illustration shutterstock_222423562
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Kids are frequently taught that seven continents exist: Africa, Asia, Antarctica, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.
Geologists, who look at the rocks (and tend to ignore the humans), group Europe and Asia into a supercontinent — Eurasia — making for a total of six geologic continents.
But according to a new study of Earth's crust, there's a seventh geologic continent called "Zealandia," and it has been hiding under our figurative noses for millennia.
The 11 researchers behind the study say that New Zealand and New Caledonia aren't merely island chains. Instead, they're both part of a single, 4.9 million-square-kilometer (1.89 million-square-mile) slab of continental crust that's distinct from Australia.
"This is not a sudden discovery, but a gradual realization; as recently as 10 years ago we would not have had the accumulated data or confidence in interpretation to write this paper," the researchers wrote in GSA Today, a journal of the Geological Society of America.
Ten of the researchers work for institutions within the new continent; one works for a university in Australia. But other geologists are almost certain to accept the team's continent-sized conclusions, says Bruce Luyendyk, a geophysicist at the University of California at Santa Barbara, who wasn't involved in the study.
"These people here are A-list earth scientists," Luyendyk told Business Insider. "I think they've put together a solid collection of evidence that's really thorough. I don't see that there's going to be a lot of pushback, except maybe around the edges."
Why Zealandia is almost certainly a new continent
earth plate tectonics continent map zealandia gsa today
Zealandia, shown in gray to the east of Australia, is likely Earth's seventh geologic continent.N. Mortimer et al./GSA Today
The concept of Zealandia isn't new. In fact, Luyendyk coined the term in 1995.
But Luyendyk says it was never intended to be a new continent. Rather, the name was used to describe New Zealand, New Caledonia, and a collection of submerged pieces and slices of crust that broke off a region of Gondwana, a 200 million-year-old supercontinent.
"The reason I came up with this term is out of convenience," Luyendyk said. "They're pieces of the same thing when you look at Gondwana. So I thought, 'Why do you keep naming this collection of pieces as different things?'"
Researchers behind the new study advanced Luyendyk's idea a huge step further: They took decades' worth of newer evidence and examined it with four criteria that geologists use to deem a slab of rock a continent:
Land that pokes up relatively high from the ocean floor.
A diversity of three types of rocks: igneous (spewed by volcanoes), metamorphic (altered by heat/pressure), and sedimentary (made by erosion).
A thicker, less dense section of crust compared with surrounding ocean floor.
"Well-defined limits around a large enough area to be considered a continent rather than a microcontinent or continental fragment."
Geologists had determined that New Zealand and New Caledonia fit the bill for items one, two, and three. After all, they're large islands that poke up from the sea floor, are geologically diverse, and are made of thicker, less dense crust.
This eventually led to Luyendyk's coining of Zealandia and the description of the region as "continental," since it was considered a collection of microcontinents, or bits and pieces of former continents.
The authors say the last item on the list — a question of "Is it big enough and unified enough to be its own thing?" — is one that other researchers had skipped over, though by no fault of their own. At a glance, Zealandia seemed broken up.
However, the new study used recent and detailed satellite-based elevation and gravity maps of the ancient seafloor to show that Zealandia is indeed part of a unified region. The data also suggests Zealandia spans "approximately the area of greater India" — larger than Madagascar, New Guinea, Greenland, or other pieces of crust.
"If the elevation of Earth's solid surface had first been mapped in the same way as those of Mars and Venus (which lack [...] opaque liquid oceans)," they wrote, "we contend that Zealandia would, much earlier, have been investigated and identified as one of Earth's continents."
The geologic devil's in the details
The authors point out that while India is big enough to be a continent — and probably used to be — it's now part of Eurasia because it collided and stuck to that continent millions of years ago.
Zealandia, meanwhile, has not yet smashed into Australia. A piece of seafloor called the Cato Trough still separates the continents by 25 kilometers (15.5 miles).
zealandia plate tectonics continent map gsa today
An elevation map of Zealandia and nearby Australia.N. Mortimer et al./GSA Today
Another wrinkle for Zealandia is its division into northern and southern segments by two tectonic plates: the Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate. This split makes the region seem more like a bunch of continental fragments than a unified slab.
But the researchers say that Arabia, India, and parts of Central America have similar divisions yet are still considered parts of larger continents.
"I'm from California, and it has a plate boundary going through it," Luyendyk said. "In millions of years, the western part will be up near Alaska. Does that make it not part of North America? No."
What's more, the researchers wrote, rock samples suggest Zealandia is made of the same continental crust that used to be part of Gondwana and that it migrated in ways similar to Antarctica and Australia.
The samples and data also show that Zealandia is not broken up. Instead, plate tectonics have thinned, stretched, and submerged Zealandia over of millions of years.
Today, only about 5% of it is visible — which is part of the reason it took so long to discover.
"The scientific value of classifying Zealandia as a continent is much more than just an extra name on a list," the scientists wrote. "That a continent can be so submerged yet unfragmented makes it a useful and thought-provoking geodynamic end member in exploring the cohesion and breakup of continental crust."
Luyendyk said he believes the distinction won't end up as merely a scientific curiosity. He thinks it could have larger, real-world consequences.
"The economic implications are clear and come into play: What's part of New Zealand, and what's not part of New Zealand?" he said.
United Nations agreements use continental margins to determine which nations can extract off-shore resources — and New Zealand may have tens of billions of dollars' worth of fossil fuels and minerals lurking off its shores.
SEE ALSO: A geologist has found part of a lost ocean that existed long before the Atlantic
DON'T MISS: 25 of the most iconic and beautiful images of Earth from space
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4 Global Forest Maps to See the Forest for the Trees
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4 Global Forest Maps to See the Forest for the Trees
Forests cover about 30% of the Earth’s surface. Over 1 billion people depend on these forests for their survival because it’s their pharmacy, their fuel and food for their animals.
Forests keep rivers clean. They prevent soil erosion. They prevent landslides and avalanches. They are carbon sinks because they absorb over one-fifth of carbon emissions caused by fossil fuels.
But our forests are disappearing:
Natural causes like disease and forest fires have always existed. Human activities are now the leading cause of deforestation. No other human activity has caused more deforestation than animal agriculture.
We have a better spatial understanding because of satellite and mapping technologies. These 4 global forest maps tell a story or our trees. So let’s take a look and start seeing the forest for the trees.
1 NASA’s Forest Heights Map
nasa canopy height
NASA’s Forest Canopy Height map is a first of its kind. It’s unique because it shows the height of trees of the entire planet.
Now, NASA didn’t go out in the field and measure every tree height to make this forest map.
So how did they do it?
All tree heights were derived using satellites orbiting our Earth such as Geoscience Laser Altimeter Systems (GLAS). GLAS is a laser ranging technology. It sends a pulse and measures how long it takes to return to get distance. But GLAS wasn’t the only satellite NASA used. It combined MODIS, SRTM, TRMM and the WorldClim databases.
Have you noticed how tree heights are generally taller at the equator?
Some trees tower higher than 40 meters in height at the equator. At the poles, tree canopy are generally shorter. Countries in northern Europe, Canada and Russia tend to have tree canopy heights less than 20 meters.
2 Global Forest Change
global forest change map maryland
Almost one-third of our land is covered in forests. But deforestation is cutting down our forests at about the size of Greece per year. That’s 50 soccer fields every minute.
The effects of deforestation are devastating. It increases greenhouse gases and soil erosion. It takes away habitat for wildlife and homes for indigenous groups.
How can we quantify deforestation?
Landsat is the reigning monarch of historic satellite data. 40 years and counting! Landsat is the longest running Earth observation mission in history. We could compare a snapshot of Earth from 1972 using Landsat-1 data, if we really wanted to.
The University of Maryland has carved out the drool-worthy Global Forest Change map solely using Landsat data. The key focus is forest extent and change. Forest is defined as vegetation taller than 5 meters. Forest cover loss and gain are highlighted from 2000-2012.
We knew there were red flags for countries like Indonesia, Honduras and Philippines and deforestation. On the map, they look like signal flares! On global forest maps like these, it confirms reports and statistics about how these countries sustained great losses in forests..
3 NASA Forest Fires
Forest Fires NASA
When there’s smoke, there’s fire. And on Earth, there’s something always burning. NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) keeps a close eye on wildfires around the globe.
Whether they’re started by people, lightning strikes or by other means, NASA’s fire maps pinpoint locations of actively burning fires.
Are forest fires harmful for the environment?
Forest fires are not necessarily bad. They can clear dead underbrush and restore it to good health. In certain ecosystems, plants require periodic burning to reproduce.
NASA’s fire maps are animated dating back to 2000 all the way to this year. It’s unbelievable watching the time series animation and watching the flames roar our planet.
4 Global Forest Watch
global forest watch - forest maps
Global Forest Watch is really the mother of all forest monitoring websites. It’s not just one map; it’s a series of forest maps. Each one has cutting-edge algorithms harnessing the power of satellite data and cloud computing.
The more you think of it, there’s a lot we don’t know about forests like:
Where are forests cleared?
Why does it happen?
And who is responsible?
Users can dynamically view Landsat’s forest gain/loss data in near real-time. Global Forest Watch takes it a step further showing how forests are being used such as palm oil, mining, logging, etc. It has time animations, forest fire data and conservation areas.
It’s free and simple to use. Governments, businesses, academics, media and NGOs can gain a wealth of information and ensure sustainability. Global Forest Watch really lets you sit in the driver’s seat and openly explore a goldmine of forest maps and information.
Forest maps mean action
If an old tree falls in the forest and nobody’s around to hear it, does it make a sound?
Near real-time satellite information has transformed our global understanding of forests. Satellites deliver timely and accurate information about forest fires, deforestation, canopy height and even forest disease.
Forest maps give users the power to stop harmful forest loss. For example, business managers buying commodities such as palm oil can use near real-time forest maps to see if supplies are clearing forest they committed to protect.
This technology empowers people everywhere to better manage forests.
… so if an old tree falls in the forest and nobody’s around to hear it, does it make a sound? With these global forest maps, everyone hears it.
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3 COMMENTS ON 4 GLOBAL FOREST MAPS TO SEE THE FOREST FOR THE TREES
mudry APRIL 22, 2016 AT 10:02 AM
For GLAS laser, what is the accuracy and reliability of height above ground? Can we expect it to be as good as LIDAR?
GISGeography APRIL 23, 2016 AT 8:20 PM
Here’s a reference for GLAS precision – https://nsidc.org/data/icesat/faq.html
Dr Kazi AUGUST 20, 2016 AT 4:03 AM
Global forest map is not only depicting facts of forests, but it alarming environmental crisis to the next generations..
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This Plant IMPROVES YOUR VISION Even If You Are 70 Years Old. AMAZING!!
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This Plant IMPROVES YOUR VISION Even If You Are 70 Years Old. AMAZING!! - http://powerhealthyt.com
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People suffering from poor vision spend thousands of dollars on expensive eyeglasses and lenses every year but they fail to realize that there is a much more effective and completely natural way to improve their vision and save a few bucks in the process.
Don’t be alarmed, you can improve your vision and resolve your problem and we’ll show you how. The following remedy can improve your vision quickly and effectively and it only requires a few simple ingredients.
This Plant IMPROVES YOUR VISION Even If You Are 70 Years Old. AMAZING!! - https://youtu.be/Duc6bPJPubY
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Cybelle2006
Cybelle20063 weeks ago
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Just eat the foods that contain the beneficial vitamins and you will be fine. But if you want/need a higher dose of the required vitamins, just go and buy some supplements.
Don't believe everything you read and hear on YouTube folks. Do your own research at reliable websites!!
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budget for the project was 20 million euros Paris to Build 7-foot Bullet Proof Glass Wall Around Eiffel Tower
IN NEWS, VIDEO, WORLD
Paris plans to build a 7-foot high bulletproof glass wall around the Eiffel Tower as a security measure against terrorist attacks, a deputy mayor of the city said on February 10.
Patrick Klugman said the project was required to secure the world’s most visited paid-for monument in light of recent attacks in the French capital.
The wall would also offer the council the opportunity to renovate the gardens around the 324 metre Eiffel Tower, he said.
“We thought one of the solutions may be to have glass panels around two of the pillars of the Eiffel Tower, which are the ones used to enter into the Eiffel Tower, because it combines protection and elegance,” Klugman said, adding that the budget for the project was 20 million euros.
Many Paris residents and tourists standing at the foot of the Eiffel tower on Friday said they approved of the idea, for the sake of security and aesthetics.
Parisian school teacher, Madame Ersek, said that it would protect the population and hopefully encourage tourists scared off by the recent attacks to return.
“I think that it could also make it more attractive, it could be very nice to look at, like all the places that have been redone, for example the Louvre’s pyramid,” she said.
Jeevitesh, a tourist from India said that it would be an act of strength, while Canadian Gareth said he thought there were other more densely-populated locations around the city at risk.
Currently the Eiffel Tower receives about 6.9 million visitors a year. According to the INSEE national statistics agency, after 2016’s dramatic downturn in tourism following the attacks, the last few months have seen a rebound of nearly 4 percent.
(Reuters)
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If you travel for inspiration, you’re in the right town. Hong Kong is trend-forward to a fault. Read on to escape the mainstream. You’ll find the coolest design stores, the best cafes to hang out in, an up-and-coming neighbourhood or two, where to shop, which bands to check out and even how to play the part of a local hipster. Everything you need to know to be in the know in Hong Kong.
Talented young fashion designer Anais Jourden Mak designed a costume that was worn in a concert by a Hong Kong superstar. See how this city inspired her to create this beautiful piece (and who wore it on stage).
Inspirations
Explore Hidden Hong Kong with Anais Mak
Hong Kong’s unique charm comes from its rhythm and multi-faceted nature. To local fashion designer Anais Mak, this atmosphere is what nurtured her work. Having stunned the world of style with her very own brand ‘Jourden’ in 2012, she describes Hong Kong as a city with countless looks. “In one day, I can go from modern Central to down-to-earth Sham Shui Po and Lai Chi Kok. These three places give entirely different feelings. Even in a bustling forest of skyscrapers, there are ancient and chaotic corners. All these elements come together to form a hybridity, which is what I love about Hong Kong.”
This city, where nothing is constant, shaped Anais’s flexible and adventurous character. Although she helms a brand of women’s clothing, Anais has also designed costumes for pop star Eason Chan to wear on stage. “I brought to the stage some of the stronger elements of my brand, such as materials with remarkable texture and striking colours. I’ve always been interested in men’s coats too, so I’ve fused these ele the costumes.”
So where does one of Hong Kong’s most noteworthy young designers like to hang out? True to her colourful self, she frequents everything from old malls on the stylish streets of Central, to quirky clothing stores that promise surprises, and even shops that sell gangster jewellery. Follow in her footsteps for a look at some interesting and hidden Hong Kong gems.
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PoHo Рthe area between Po Hing Fong and Bridges Street Рis emerging as an up-and-coming neighbourhood for creativity, with stores selling flowers, furniture, antiques and knickknacks as well as unique caf̩s and artsy stores. Start exploring the area with these recommendations from La Vie Magazine.
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In the market for the latest in pop-art brooches, vintage blazers, hand-poured concrete sketch pencils or a bottle opener for your craft beers? Go on. You’re a hipster. Admit it and head straight to these seven so-cool-they-hurt stores.
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The city celebrates creative talent every year as artists from all over the world put on electrifying performances in multiple genres. With a line-up of dance, music, plays and much more, there is something for everyone to enjoy.
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Mt. Amuyao Rev/Traverse (Batad-Barlig) Holy week special
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MT. AMUYAO (BARLIG-BATAD TRAVERSE)
Mountain Province and Ifugao
Entry point: Sitio Macalana, Barlig, Mt. Province
Exit point: Batad Junction, Banaue, Ifugao
LLA: 17.0123N, 121.1297E, 2702 MASL (#10)
Days required / Hours to summit: 3-4 days / 5-7 hours
Specs: Major climb, Difficulty 8/9, Trail class 1-3
ITINERARY:
DAY 0- APRIL 12, 2017
8PM meet up @ McDonalds Quezon Ave MRT Station
DAY 1- April 13, 2017
0700- ETA Banaue/Breakfast
0900- ETA Jump Off Point Batad
0930- Start Trek
1300-ETA Cambulo Lunch
1330-Resume Trek
1900 PM- Pat-Yay Village set up camp or Home Stay
DAY 2- April 15, 2017
0500-Wake-Up Call
0700- Break Camp
830-Resume Trek
0930-Mossy Forest
01230-Waiting Shed Lunch/Rest
1330-Resume Trek
1700-Mt. Amuyao Summit/Bunker House
DAY 3- April 15, 2017
0530- Wake-Up Call
0630- Breakfast
0830-Start Descend via Barlig Trail
1030-First Waiting Shed
1500-ETA Barlig village
1900- ETD Banaue
2100-ETD Manila
Event Fee: 2,800
Limited to 24 slots only
Inclusions: Guide fee, Reg. Fee, brgy. Fee, Rented van Manila-Banaue-Manila and Jeep going to jump off point and back.
Note: 1,500k downpayment is a must to save a slot.
Downpayment is Non-refundable but transferable.(Not with the same climber/participants that is already included on the event)
Cancellation Policy: 50% cancellation fee on the above rate shall be charged in cases of voluntary cancellation of the participant one month prior to the event.
100% cancellation fee on the above rate shall be charged if cancellation is made 1 week prior to the event.
In cases of cancellation due to weather conditions and safety issues, the organizer has the right to cancel, hold the downpayment and reschedule the event on a certain date agreeable in consensus with the participants. However if a certain participant is not available on the rescheduled date, the downpayment can be deemed valid for use in any other upcoming event of choice.
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13 Inspiring Educational Quotes for Students to Help Them Thrive
Read these educational quotes for students to get inspired and take another step toward your dream.
1. “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world” – Nelson Mandela
Education is the first step for people to gain the knowledge, critical thinking, empowerment and skills they need to make this world a better place.
2. “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever” – Mahatma Gandhi
It’s important to seize the day, but always make time to go deeper and wider in your learning.
3. “The cure for boredom is curiosity. There is no cure for curiosity” – Dorothy Parker
The more you learn, the more you want to learn, the more the world becomes more interesting to you, and discovering it becomes more fun.
4. “If You are planning for a year, sow rice; if you are planning for a decade, plant trees; if you are planning for a lifetime, educate people” – Chinese Proverb
There are many ways you can make an impact on the world. But there is no greater impact that you can make than spreading education, and empowering people who’ll empower and teach people, who, in turn, will empower and teach more.
5. “It’s not that I’m so smart, it’s just that I stay with problems longer” – Albert Einstein
Getting education isn’t easy, and most students experience challenges during their degrees. The important thing is to believe in yourself and not give up.
6. “Teachers open the door, but you must enter by yourself” – Chinese Proverb
You can have access to professors from the best universities in the world, but you still need to be willing to do the work, even when it’s hard. If you can’t do it alone, remember that asking for help is part of doing the work.
7. “An investment in knowledge pays the best interest” – Benjamin Franklin
Education requires costly resources, like time and money, which are often hard to find. But those who do invest these resources, often end up richer – not just because they often improve their financial situation, but because their minds are richer too.
8. “The highest result of education is tolerance” – Hellen Keller
We said it in our vision too. When you educate people, you take down barriers. You help them see what it’s like in other situations, cultures and countries. You create a world that is more tolerant to differences and accepting of all.
9. “The beautiful thing about learning is that no one can take it away from you” – B. B. King
Education is a long term investment. The time and money you put in, the courage you have to move through challenges and persevere… it will all keep paying off for the rest of your life.
10. “Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation to another” – G.K. Chesterton
Education connects you with the stories, theories and accomplishments of faraway cultures and generations. It offers you a body of knowledge greater than you can ever gain on your own in one lifetime.
11. “The whole purpose of education is to turn mirrors into windows” – Sydney J. Harris
Before embraking on your higher education journey, all you have is your own experience. Education opens a window to thought leaders near and far throughout history, and lets you understand the world in a deeper, more complex way.
12. “The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character – that is the goal of true education” – Martin Luther King
When you develop critical thinking, you no longer take things for granted. You start questioning why things are the way they are. You learn about people who saw something wrong and had the courage to do things differently in their personal lives, or lead a nation to an impactful transformation. Yes, you need courage and tenacity, but when you get an education, you start realizing you can make a difference too.
13. "When you educate one person you can change a life, when you educate many you can change the world"- Shai Reshef
Shai Reshef is an educational entrepreneur, founder and president of University of the People, the world's first non-profit, tuition-free, accredited university. He made it his life mission to help open the gates to higher education.
Use These Education Quotes to Take the Next Step Toward Your Dream
Keep these education quotes nearby. Save them in your favorites, print them out and keep them in your wallet, or hang them on the wall. Read them every time things get tough, and always remind yourself:
You’re worth the effort, so don’t give up on your dream.
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The Philippines on Thursday ordered the closure or suspension of more than two dozen mines after a government investigation found they had illegally cut down trees and polluted rivers.
Most of the mines targeted by the order produce nickel and account for half of the Philippines' world-beating exports of the raw material used to make steel.
Environment Secretary Gina Lopez, a staunch mining critic, said 23 mines had been told to close after illegally encroaching on watersheds, leaking waste into rivers and destroying trees.
A further five mines have been ordered to suspend their operations, while the decision on another mine has been deferred.
"The decision on the watersheds is non-negotiable. You cannot and should not and must not endanger the water supply of the Filipino," Lopez told reporters, showing photos of silted rivers and bare mountains.
"No amount of money warrants the life of the Filipino. I don't care. That's water."
President Rodrigo Duterte threw his support behind Lopez's crackdown, saying: "I support her. She (has) pro-people, pro-poor policies."
The Philippines is the world's top supplier of nickel ore and the main exporter to China, and the move is expected to fuel a rally in global prices.
In 2015 the Philippines produced about 24 percent of the nickel consumed worldwide, according to Morgan Stanley.
The closures and suspensions were the result of a government audit started in July last year after Duterte was swept to power.
The Chamber of Mines of the Philippines, an industry group, warned the decision would hurt the country's nickel production and could discourage investment in the industry.
It also accused Lopez of not giving miners an opportunity to address the audit findings.
The move risked "sending signals out to the market and to mining investors that they are not welcome here", Ronald Recidoro, the chamber's vice president for legal and policy affairs, told AFP.
Mining stocks fell on Lopez's announcement, including Nickel Asia, one of the world's largest nickel producers, which fell 0.58 percent to 6.81 pesos, up slightly from the intra-day low of 6.61 pesos.
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